在主从复合句子中,充当宾语,位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句。宾语可分为三类:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句、形容词的宾语从句。trong>
宾语从句的引导词有三种:1)that;2)whether/ if;3)特殊疑问词what/ when/ where/ who等。
宾语从句的引导词
1.that:当宾语从句是陈述句时,用that引导,that在从句中无实际意义,也不充当句子成分,在口语或非正式文体中常可省略。例如:She said (that) she would come to the party.(她说她会来参加派对。)
但在以下几种情况下,that不能省略:
– 当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省。如:He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.https://wxa.wxs.qq.com/tmpl/pd/base_tmpl.html
– 当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。如:Just then I noticed for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
– 当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。如:I can’t tell him that his mother died.
– 在it作形式宾语的结构中,that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语时,that不能省略。如:I think it is important that he should go home.
2.if/whether:当宾语从句是由一般疑问句转变而来时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否” 。例如:I wonder if/whether he will come tomorrow.(我想知道他明天是否会来。)
在一些情况下,只能用whether,不能用if:
– 与or not连用,如:I don’t know whether he will come or not.
– 在介词后面,如:We are talking about whether we should go there.
– 在动词不定式前 ,如:He hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
3.特殊疑问词:当宾语从句由特殊疑问句转变而来时,用原来的特殊疑问词(what, who, where, when, why, how等)引导。这些特殊疑问词在从句中充当一定的句子成分。比如:Can you tell me where you live?(你能告诉我你住在哪里吗?)其中where在从句中作地点状语。
宾语从句的语序
宾语从句必须使用陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分” 。例如:
– Do you know what he likes?(正确)你知道他喜欢什么吗?
– Do you know what does he like?(错误)
但有一种特殊情况,当宾语从句的引导词本身就是从句的主语时,语序不变。比如:I don’t know who broke the window.(我不知道谁打破了窗户。)“who”既是引导词,又是从句“broke the window”的主语 。
宾语从句的时态
1.主现从不限:如果主句是一般现在时,从句可以根据实际情况使用各种时态。
– He says he is reading a book now.(他说他现在正在读书。)从句用现在进行时
– She tells me she will go to Beijing next week.(她告诉我她下周将去北京。)从句用一般将来时https://wxa.wxs.qq.com/tmpl/pd/base_tmpl.html
2.主过从必过:若主句是一般过去时,从句一般要用相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时等)。
– He said he was watching TV at that time.(他说他那时正在看电视。)从句用过去进行时
– He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon. (他说他很快会回美国。)从句用过去将来时
3.真理永一现:当从句表示客观真理或自然现象时,无论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时。
– The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.(老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。)

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